Applying for a PhD in the USA/Canada as a Latino

This post is about my personal experience, tips and discussion about the whole application process.

What brought you here?

If you are here, chances are that you wanted to know how is the experience of applying to a PhD in Computer Science in the USA. Many people ask me this, in fact. And here's the thing: there's a ton of amazing blog posts all over the internet about this. I know this because I have read a great ton of them while I was applying and they helped me a lot. For this reason, I never though about writing my own, since all the posts I have read are much better than the one I would write. However (almost) none of these cover the the point of view of Latin American applicants.

Inspired by this, here's what I am going to do in this blog post:

I will provide a list of the resources I read during my application process. (You can find the list at the end of this post)
Some personal thoughts that might clarify how you should look at this experience if you are latino(a).

What's the game you're playing?

First, let's put everybody in the same page here. The requisites to apply for a CS PhD program in the USA are usually 3 recommendation letters, a Statement of Purpose, your CV and transcripts. Simple, isn't it? No, it's not.

The untold story many people don't know about is that there are at least more two prerequisites: publications and networking. And this is the "dark side of the court" that we are going to cover here.

The dark side of the court

Publications

Even though you might come from a university in which research in CS is not well developed, or you might never had the chance to write a complete research paper during your undergrad because, well... you're just an undergrad, CS programs will almost require from you to have papers in top conferences in your field. Is this fair? Of course not. But again, this process is not about being fair, and without this information you have a huge chance of failing in your application process. Mainly because during your undergraduate research assistant opportunities you will not be so worried about publishing, and when the time comes, you're out of the process already.

What can you do to change the game?

Be transparent about your objectives with your advisors. Say that you really need publications in good conferences and that this is your main goal with your current research. This puts everybody and the same page and was one of the game-changers that made me publish a short-paper at ICDM, which got me into my programs.
Even though you might not be able to publish a paper in a good conference (because, let's face it, this is hard), you can still aim for workshops and smaller venues. These won't have the same prestige you would get with a paper in the main track of a very important conference, but still tells the following message to your prospective PI: "I am very engaged in research and I can manage to execute a research project from the beginning to the end".

Networking

Besides getting good research papers, you should also aim to establish your research network starting from prospective PIs that your current advisor(s) have any kind of relationship.

Getting a new grad student into your lab is a bet: if your advisor has a good relationship with your prospective PI, a recommendation from him will have a very different weight in comparison to recommendations from other unknown professors. This is something that makes the process more elitist and less inclusive, because it is very likely that your current advisors don't have many of these close relationships with people from top-schools in the USA.

What can you do to change the game?

Talk to your advisor(s) ASAP about your plans to apply to a PhD. They can give you valuable insights about where to apply with higher chances of getting accepted. Also, they might be able to show you some hidden opportunities / contacts you did not think about at first.
Establish new connections in conferences! The conferences from your field are literally the best opportunities to expand your network with PIs from universities that are in your target. The main advantage of this approach is that you can ask him/her personally about the possibility of getting new PhD students in the next application round and also about his research. Some very famous researchers got their PhD acceptance in prestigious labs through this process of starting a relationship with their PI in a conference. Take advantage of that.
This one is quite polemic, but here it goes: you can send an email to your PI. The thing about contacting your PI about PhD applications is that it can be either spectacularly efficient or a complete waste of time, depending on your approach. Why do I say that? Well, basically because if you write a very ~vague/suspicious~ email with a very little care, your PI will probably ignore you. Sometimes sending an email can be useful if you want to apply to a specific university with just a few professors that spark your interest, for example. In this case, a polite and direct email asking if the PI is going to accept PhD students in the following year can be useful, since it can make you rethink about applying to that school. But please, refrain from spamming professors with the same copy-pasted template containing your CV and generic research questions. And aways check the professor's website before reaching out to him/her! Most of them explicitly mention they "email policy" regarding PhD applications.

Big Game Changers

Mentorship opportunities

Mentorship was one of the most important pillars of my application. At the time, I didn't know that there were programs espeficifically to Latin American students, so the mentorship resource I used was basically provided by friends who had just been accepted to PhD programs in the USA and Canada. Also, I really used the opportunity to talk to senior researchers / professors at the Machine Learning conferences I went to (e.g. NeurIPS). At the time, these conferences were all online, due to COVID, which is also a privilege that's probably gone.

From the top of my head, I can remember two PhD application mentorship programs, which are BRASA Pré pós-graduação (for Brazilian students) and Cientifico Latino (for all Latin American students). Since the Brazilian Real is usually worth much less than USD, the BRASA program can even pay for some of your application fees and TOEFL test, in some special cases. Cientifico Latino has some amazing materials (that I also link in the final section) regarding the order and even a timeline of the application cycle to help you organize yourself. Also, the amazing "Applying to STEM Ph.D. Programs" guide by George Iskander provided by Cientifico Latino was one of the most important resources I used during the whole application process, so I am imensely thankful for that!

Community

Research communities currently gather around online around different research platforms, like Twitter or LinkedIn. Being part of these communities is important to be in touch with other peers in your field and, most important, to find opportunities.

Many researchers share valuable advice during the application cycles and you also have a chance to talk to these people and gain more information / get answers for questions from highly recognized sources. There are many very good Twitter threads about PhD applications that you can find. I read a ton of them when I was applying and got valuable advice from them!

Often professors share open positions in their labs in these online communities. This gives you the opportunity to know beforehand if the professors you are interested in have open positions (without needing to shoot emails). They also often tweet something like "if you are interested in X, Y and Z send me a DM and let's talk". If you get an interview and the professor sees you as a good fit, you will already have a very big advantage. To illustrate how powerful this is, let me tell you my experience: I got an interview at Harvard because of a tweet. I don't know what else I can say to convince you to start working on your online presence.

Information Gathering

If you are applying to CS / ECE programs, I have good news for you: these academic communities are very good at compiling information. For example, how can you decide where to apply? Or even, which professors of the school X you should mention in your application? To help answer these questions, you should use CSRankings.

CSRankings is a website that ranks CS and ECE labs from universities around the world using research criteria. You can search YouTube videos to help you make the best use of this tool. There are a few tricks you should use to narrow down professors.

Reddit is also a very good option to get some quick answers, since people have been asking the same questions over and over again for a looooooong time in some subs like r/gradadmissions or r/GradSchool. These subs can be a little anxiety-inducing or even be a source of very conflicting opinions, so take them with a grain of salt.

Depending on your field / major / region there might be Facebook / Whatsapp groups about PhD applications. They can also be useful, and you should keep an eye out, since these places might be a good source of a key component during your application to a PhD: motivation. Having 40 people working every day with the same goal as you can make you more motivated to complete this enormous task.

Fine details

If you are from Latin America, chances are your buying power is not very high and your local currency is not very well valued in comparison to USD. For this reason, every buck counts. As I mentioned before, having a good mentorship program might give you access to some application sponsorship, but additionally to this, there's a very small bit of information that not that many people share: you can email departments asking for application fee waivers. But you have to ask early. So be quick once the application season opens! Also, some universities won't charge any application fees if you are from Latin America, so pay attention when you are filling the long application forms!

Tracking applications

So now you finished you application, submitted and... you have to wait. This is the worst part, if you are an anxious person. To make you more / less anxious you can use The GradCafe , a platform in which people share their positive / negative results about the applications. If other people were already accepted a few weeks ago and your "Yes" didn't arrive yet, then maybe you should to redirect your positive energies towards other universities, for example.

After you've been accepted

Oh my god, congrats! You've been accepted to more than one PhD program!! You deserve it! Now what?! Well, here's the thing: you've been offered two different stipends in two different locations that you don't know anyone in or anything about. Then, how can you decide about your finances and accept one program over the other?

You can use two websites: PhD Stipends and Cost of Living Calculator . The first one is basically to compare your offered stipend to other universities around the country to check if the value is actually fair. The second one is to compare the cost of living between the stipends you've been offered. Also, try to ask financial questions to other PhD students from universities you were accepted to.

Closing remarks

Applying to a PhD in the USA or Canada can be an emotional rollercoaster.

You need to be confident, yet you are in the dark with not much information. You need to have consistent progress, yet you don't know exactly what to do everyday. You need to be brave, yet the future is uncertain. You need to be competitive, yet the game is unfair.

But that's why you chose to do science in the first place, right? Not because it's easy, but because it's hard.

I know how you feel, and for this reason I made this blog post: to actually help people that have a similar background as me and have the same bucket of questions I did, and hope I have accomplished this objective. Thank you for reading :)